15.S12 | Fall 2018 | Graduate

Blockchain and Money

Pages

Individual Business Write-ups

The brief individual write-ups (3 to 5 double-spaced single-sided pages) are to analyze the required readings for two classes of your choice, one during each half of the course. (One due no later than the 10th class and the second no later than the 23rd class.) Write-ups will be due at the start of class on the day the readings are to be discussed. Using the readings for the relevant class, bringing in other (credible) material, if you wish, the focus of each write-up should be analytically judgmental and evaluative of the business considerations (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, & threats) of that week’s discussion topic. You should be original and write what you think, not a summary of the views presented. The write-ups are worth 30% of your grade. 

Group Research Paper

This group project is due at the end of semester, (with possible presentation to the class), and will count for 40% of the grade. Your group will need to submit a written report or whitepaper on the potential for any one original blockchain-related opportunity within the financial sector—a private or public blockchain application in any country, market, or aspect of finance.

The length of the text should be 10–12 pages, single-sided and double-spaced (12 pt. font or less) and include as an exhibit a brief Powerpoint deck (no more than 8 slides) pitching your group’s use case to investors or a senior management team. You should ground your assessment in data as much as possible—and link your analysis to the themes and examples discussed in one or more of our classes. Depending upon the course enrollment, groups will be selected to present to the class during the last week of the semester based upon the material/proposals that best adds value for the entire class. You can work in teams of 3–4 people on this project.

Class Participation

Your active participation in the discussion during class is integral to the design of this course and counts for 30% of your final grade. Prior preparation of the assigned readings is essential background for the lectures and class discussions, particularly as we will build upon the material in our sessions. You should draw on your own experiences and perspectives as much as possible, but you need to do the reading in order to contribute effectively to the flow of the discussion.

Session #   Topic key dates 
1 Introduction  
Act 1: Blockchain and Money Fundamentals
2 Money, Ledgers, and Bitcoin  
3 Blockchain Basics and Cryptography  
4 Blockchain Basics and Consensus  
5 Blockchain Basics and Transactions, UTXO, and Script Code  
6

Smart Contracts and DApps

Guest Lecturer: Prof. Lawrence Lessig, Harvard Law School

 
7 Technical Challenges  
8 Public Policy  
9 Permissioned Systems  
10 Financial System Challenges and Opportunities First business write-up due by this class
Act 2: Blockchain and Use Case Economic
11

Blockchain Economics

Guest Lecturer: Rob Gensler, Investor and Financial Analyst

 
12 Assessing Use Cases  
Act 3: Financial Sector Use Cases
13

Payments, Part 1

Guest Lecturer: Alin Dragos, MIT Digital Currency Initiatve

 
14 Payments, Part 2  
15

Central Banks and Commercial Banking, Part 1

Guest Lecturer: Robleh Ali, MIT Digital Currency Initiative

 
16 Central Banks and Commercial Banking, Part 2  
17 Secondary Markets and Crypto-Exchanges  
18 A New Approach to Crypto-Exchanges and Payments  
19 Primary Markets, ICOs, and Venture Capital, Part 1  
20 Primary Markets, ICOs, and Venture Capital, Part 2  
21 Post Trade Clearing, Settlement, and Processing  
22 Trade Finance and Supply Chain  
23 Digital ID Second business write-up due by this class
24 Conclusion Group Research Paper due by end of the semster

SES # Topic Readings
1

Introduction

Session 1 study questions

‘IMF World Bank Comment’ Gensler, The Banker (September 2018).

The blockchain catalyst for change’ Vox (July 16, 2018) 

2

Money, Ledgers & Bitcoin

Session 2 study questions

 ‘Conflict reigns over the history and origins of money’ Science News (July 29, 2018)

A Brief History of Money’ IEEE Spectrum (May 30, 2012)

What is Money? An Artist’s Make and Take’ Wall Street Journal video (November 11, 2014)

A Brief History of Ledgers’ LLFOURN, Medium (February 15, 2018)

Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies, Preface — The Long Road to Bitcoin’ (PDF - 18MB) Clark (pages 3 – 21) (February 9, 2016)

Bitcoin P2P e-cash paper’ e-mail Nakamoto (October 31, 2008)

3

Blockchain Basics & Cryptography

Session 3 study questions

Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System’ (PDF) Nakamoto (October 31, 2008)

Blockchain Technology Overview’ (PDF) National Institute of Standards and Technology (January 2018)  (pages 9 – 23, sections 1 & 2)

Blockchain 101 — A Visual Demo’ Brownworth, MIT (November 5, 2016)

4

Blockchain Basics & Consensus

Session 4 study questions

21st Geneva Report on the World Economy - The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Finance: Catalyst for Change’ Chapter 1 (pages 1 – 7); Casey, Crane, Gensler, Johnson, and Narula  (July 2018)

 ‘Blockchain Technology Overview’ (PDF) National Institute of Standards and Technology (January 2018)  (pages 9 – 23, sections 1 & 2)

The Byzantine Generals Problem’ Lamport, Shostak, & Pease; ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), 4(3), (July 1982) (required 382-387)

A (Short) Guide to Blockchain Consensus Protocols’ CoinDesk (March 4, 2017)

Optional Reading:

For those wishing for a technical dive into Bitcoin Scripting Language, one can review ‘Script’     
by Bitcore or ‘The Best Step-by-Step Bitcoin Script Guide’ by Blockgeeks.

5

Blockchain Basics and Transactions, UTXO, and Script Code

Session 5 study questions

Bitcoin’s Academic Pedigree’ Narayanan and Clark (August 29, 2017)

Making Sense of Cryptoeconomics’ CoinDesk (August 19, 2017) 

6

Smart Contracts & DApps

Session 6 study questions

‘Smart Contracts: 12 Use Cases for Business & Beyond’ Chamber of Digital Commerce’ (December 2016)

State of the DApps: 5 Observations from Usage Data’ McCann, Medium (April 2018)

Ethereum Competitors: Guide to the Alternative Smart Contract Platforms’ Blockonomi (February 28, 2018)

Optional Readings:

Smart Contracts: Building Blocks for Digital Markets’ Szabo (1996)

A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform’ Ethereum Whitepaper as maintained on Ethereum Wiki (2013, updated through August 21, 2018)

Blockchain Technology as a Regulatory Technology’ De Filippi & Hassan, Harvard (January 2018)

7

Technical Challenges

Session 7 study questions

21st Geneva Report on the World Economy -The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Finance: Catalyst for Change’ Chapter 2 -Blockchain technology’s opportunities and challenges (pages 9 –16)

On the Scalability of Blockchains ’The Control (March 23, 2018) 

Transactions Speeds: How Do Cryptocurrencies Stack Up To Visa or PayPal? ’HowMuch.net (January 10, 2018)

Layer 2 | the lightning network’ Digital Currency Initiative

Top 8 Privacy Coins’ Invest in Blockchain (April 16, 2018)

Optional Readings:

On sharding blockchains’ Ethereum Wiki (accessed August 20, 2018)

zkLedger: Privacy-Preserving Auditing for Distributed Ledgers’ Narula, Vasquez, & Virza (April 2018)

Public Policy

Session 8 study questions

Cryptocurrencies: Oversight of New Assets in the Digital Age’ (PDF) Gensler (July 18, 2018)

The Future of Money’ (PDF) Carney (March 2, 2018)

‘Nobel-winning economist: Authorities will bring down ‘hammer’ on bitcoin’ CNBC (July 9, 2018) 

Permissioned Systems

Session 9 study questions

Enterprises Building Blockchain Confront Early Tech Limitations’ CoinDesk (March 23, 2018)

Technical difference between Ethereum, Hyperledger fabric and R3 Corda’ Nandi, Medium (March 16, 2018)

What is Corda?’ Newton, Medium (June 5, 2018)

A Blockchain Platform for the Enterprise, Introduction’ Hyperledger Fabric (May 5, 2018)

What is Digital Asset? | Distributed Ledgers for Financial Institutions’ Coin Central (June 22, 2018)

10

Financial System Challenges & Opportunities

Session 10 study questions

Top financial services issues of 2018’ (PDF - 1.2MB) PwC Financial Services Institute (December 2017)

Sheila Bair on What Hasn’t Changed Since the Great Recession’ New York Magazine, Daily Intelligencer (August 9, 2018)

The Rise of Market Concentration and Rent Seeking in the Financial Sector’ (PDF) Zhang; Harvard (April 2017) (Required pages 2 –5, 24 –26)

Optional Reading:

Ten Years After the Crash, We Are Still Living in the World It Brutally Remade’ New York Magazine, Daily Intelligencer (August 2018) 

11

Blockchain Economics

Session 11 study questions

 ‘Why Bitcoin is and isn’t like the Internet’ Ito (January 23, 2015)

Some Simple Economics of the Blockchain’ Catalini and Glans (revised June 2018)

Transaction Costs and Tethers: Why I’m a Crypto Skeptic’ Krugman, New York Times (July 31, 2018)

Billionaire Bill Gates once got bitcoin as a birthday present — here’s what he did with it’ CNBC (May 8, 2018) 

‘Dr. Doom’ Economist Nouriel Roubini Bearish on Everything Crypto’ Forbes (August 25, 2018)

Optional Readings:

The Economic Limits of Bitcoin and the Blockchain.’ Budish, University of Chicago (June 5, 2018)

Valuing Bitcoin and Ethereum with Metcalfe’s Law’ Clearblocks, Medium (February 13, 2018)

The Meaning of Decentralization ‘Buterin, Medium (February 6, 2017)

12 

Assessing Use Cases

Session 12 study questions

21st Geneva Report on the World Economy - The Impact of Blockchain Technology on Finance: Catalyst for Change’ Chapter 2 – A framework for understanding transaction costs and trade-offs (pages 14 –16); Chapter 3 - Blockchain technology and finance (pages 17–30) & Chapter 5 – Broader potential economic impact (pages 51 –55)

Blockchain beyond the hype: What is the strategic business value?’ McKinsey (June 2018)

A Letter to Jamie Dimon’ (PDF - 1.1MB) Chain (October 16, 2017)

The promise of the blockchain technology’ Economist (September 1, 2018)

13 

Payments, Part 1

Session 13 study questions

The Federal Reserve Payments Study: 2017 Annual Supplement’ Federal Reserve

‘Global Payments Report’ Worldpay (November 2017)

The Best Mobile Payment Apps of 2018’ PC World (April 2, 2018)

Why China’s Payment Apps Give U.S. Bankers Nightmares’ Bloomberg (May 23, 2018)

‘M-PESA: how Kenya revolutionized mobile payments’ N26 Magazine (April 9, 2018)

Cross-border retail payments’ (PDF - 1.2MB) Bank of International Settlements Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (February 2018) (Required: page 6 –15, sections 2 -2.3.5 & Box B;and page 39, Annex 3)

14 

Payments, Part 2

Session 14 study questions

How Blockchain Can Finally Fulfill Its Promise in Global Payments’  CoinDesk (June 9, 2018)

Extending the World of Payments to Blockchain’ (PDF - 4.4MB) ACI Worldwide (2017)

The Payment Industry is About to Be Struck by Lightning: Expert Take’ Coin Telegraph (March 21, 2018)

Why Stripe Gave Up on Bitcoin and Blockchain Payments’ Fortune (July 17, 2018)

How XRP Fits into Ripple’s Payments Products Explained’ CoinDesk (March 4, 2018)

15 

Central Banks & Commercial Banking, Part 1

Session 15 study questions

‘Central bank digital currencies’ (PDF - 1.2MB) Bank for International Settlements, Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (March 2018)

The Future of Money: Digital Currency’ (PDF) Garratt (July 18, 2018)

‘Central Banks and digital currencies’ Broadbent (March 2, 2016)

A perspective on electronic alternatives to traditional currencies’ Camera (January 23, 2017)

Bitcoin is fiat money, too’ Economist (September 22, 2017)

Optional Reading:

Bitcoin, DLT and Bank Ledgers: A Central Banker’s View’ Qian, People’s Bank of Central; CoinDesk (June 19, 2018) 

16 

Central Banks & Commercial Banking, Part 2

Session 16 study questions

The Riksbank e-krona project Action plan for 2018’ (PDF) Sveriges Riksbank (December 2017)

The World’s First Central Bank Electronic Money Has Come – And Gone: Ecuador, 2014-2018’ Alt-M (March 29, 2018)

Stable Coins Analysis: Is There A Viable Solution for The Future?’ Coin Telegraph (May 14, 2018)

PH Moving to Test Digital Fiat Currencies with RCBC’s ePiso’ (PDF - 6.5MB) Entrepreneur (June 14, 2018)

eCurrency Mint Limited and Banque Régionale De Marchés Launch New Digital Currency in Senegal’ Business Wire (November 4, 2016)

Optional Readings:

Guide to Stablecoin: Types of Stablecoins & Its Importance’ Master the Crypto (August 23, 2018)

Method and System for Linkage of Blockchain-based assets to fiat currency accounts’ Google Patents

17 

Secondary Markets & Crypto-Exchanges

Session 17 study questions

Move deliberately, fix things: How Coinbase is building a cryptocurrency empire’ Washington Post (May 17, 2018)

Robinhood rolls out zero-fee crypto trading as it hits 4M users’ TechCrunch (February 22, 2018)

After Nasdaq CEO Blesses Cryptocurrency, Investors See Bigger Future for Bitcoin, Others’ Forbes (April 25, 2018)

Bitcoin Sees Wall Street Warm to Trading Virtual Currency’ New York Times (May7,2018)

Cryptocurrency Exchanges Are Getting Hacked Because It’s Easy’ Wall Street Journal (July 16, 2018)

The sad state of crypto custody’ TechCrunch( February 1, 2018)

Optional Reading:

‘Guide to Decentralized Exchanges: Comparison of Popular DEXs’ Master the Crypto (August 25, 2018)

18 

A New Approach to Crypto-Exchanges & Payments

Session 18 study questions

Intercontinental Exchange Announces Bakkt, a Global Platform and Ecosystem for Digital Assets’ ICE (August 3, 2018)

The NYSE’s Owner Wants to Bring Bitcoin to Your 401(k). Are Crypto Credit Cards Next?’ Fortune (August 3, 2018)

Starbucks App Leads Mobile Payment Competitors’ eMarketer (May 22, 2018)

19 

Primary Markets, ICOs, & Venture Capital, Part 1

Session 19 study questions

All-Time Cumulative ICO Funding’ CoinDesk (as of August 30, 2018)

‘Initial Coin Offerings and the Value of Crypto Tokens’ Catalini and Gans (June 25, 2018)

10 keys for evaluating Initial Coin Offering (ICO) investments’ Crypto Potato (April 26, 2018)

Nearly Half of 2017 Cryptocurrency ‘ICO’ Projects Have Already Died’ Forbes (February 25, 2018)

The Rise of the ICO, and What It Could Mean for Venture Capital’ Visual Capitalist (May 3, 2018)

How to Launch An ICO, A Detailed Guide’ Coin Telegraph’ (February 2018) (Note: this reading is presented to understand the state of the ICO market, circa early 2018 not as a set of recommendations.)

Optional Reading:

‘J. R. Willett: How I Invented the First ICO’ RadarZero (March 20, 2018) 

20 

Primiary Markets, ICOs, & Venture Capital, Part 2

Session 20 study questions

Digital Asset Transactions: When Howey Met Gary (Plastic)’ Hinman, SEC (June 14, 2018)

Initial Coin Offerings: Can Regulators Curb the Risks? How Many ICOs Are Scams?’ ValueWalk (March 30, 2018)

ICO Quality: Development & Trading’ Dowlat & Hodapp, Satis Group (March 21, 2018)

Hundreds of Bitcoin Wannabes Show Hallmarks of Fraud’ Wall Street Journal (May 17, 2018)

21 

Post Trade Clearing, Settlement, & Processing

Session 21 study questions

Blockchain could save investment banks up to $12 billion a year: Accenture’ Reuters (January 17, 2017)

ISDA Publishes Digital Iteration of the Common Domain Model’ ISDA (June 5, 2018)

ASX’s Proposed Distributed Ledger and the Future of Clearing and Settlement’ Leung, Medium (May 21, 2018)

Optional Reading:

Distributed ledger technology in payments, clearing, and settlement’ (PDF) Mills, et al; Federal Reserve Finance and Economics Discussion Series (2016-095) 

22 

Trade Finance & Supply Chain

Session 22 study questions

Hong Kong, Singapore to link up trade finance blockchain platforms’ Reuters (October 25, 2017)

Barclays says conducts first blockchain-based trade-finance deal’ Reuters (September 7, 2016)

Business Interest in Blockchain Picks Up While Cryptocurrency Causes Conniptions’ Wall Street Journal (February 6, 2018)

De Beers turns to blockchain to guarantee diamond purity’ Reuters (January 16, 2018)

23 

Digital ID

Session 23 study questions

‘Self-sovereign identity: Why blockchain?’ IBM (June 13, 2018)

Blockchain and Digital Identity –A Good Fit?’ Olshansky & Wilson, Internet Society (March 13, 2018)

Can blockchain ease banks’ digital-identity concerns?’ American Banker (March 27, 2018)

Blockchains and Digital Identity’ Toward Data Science (March 10, 2018)

Singapore Regulator, Banks Complete KYC Blockchain Prototype’ CCN (October 4, 2017)

Digital Diploma Debuts at MIT’ MIT News (October 17, 2017)  

24 

Conclusion

Session 24 study questions

No readings

Session # Topic Study Questions
1 Introduction

  • What is blockchain technology and why might it be a catalyst for change for the financial sector?
  • What do you as a student wish to learn from this course, ‘Blockchain and Money’?
2 Money, Ledgers, & Bitcoin
  • What do the roles (medium of exchange, store of value, & unit of account) and characteristics (durable, portable, divisible, uniform, acceptable & stable) of money mean historically and in today’s digital economy?
  • What is fiat currency, what are its ledgers, and how does it fit within the history of money?
  • How does Bitcoin fit within the history of money, the emergence of the Internet and failed attempts of cryptographic payment systems?
  •  3 Blockchain Basics & Cryptography
  • What are the design features—cryptography, append-only timestamped blocks, distributed consensus algorithms, and networking—of Bitcoin, the first use case for blockchain technology?
  • What are cryptographic hash functions, asymmetric cryptography and digital signatures? How are they utilized to help make blockchain technology verifiable and immutable?
  • What is the double-spending problem and how it is addressed by blockchain technology?
  •  4 Blockchain Basics & Consensus
  • What is the Byzantine Generals problem? How does proof-of-work and mining in Bitcoin address it? More generally by blockchain technology?
  • What other consensus protocols are there? What are some of the tradeoffs of alternative consensus algorithms, proof-of-work, proof-of-stake, etc.?
  • How does Bitcoin record transactions? What is unspent transaction output (UTXO)?  What is script code embedded in each Bitcoin transaction and how flexible aprogramming language is it?
  • 5 Blockchain Basics and Transactions, UTXO, and Script Code
  • As many design features—public key cryptography, hash functions, append-only timestamped logs, digital cash, and proof-of-work—pre-date Bitcoin, what was the novel innovation of Santoshi Nakamoto?
  • How do economic incentives work within blockchain technology to maintain decentralized ledgers and avoid double spending? What are the incentives of consensus protocols and mining?
  • Who is Satoshi Nakamoto? (Only kidding a bit.)
  • 6 Smart Contracts & DApps
  • What are smart contracts? How do they compare to traditional contracts? What are tokens?
  • What are smart contract platforms such as Ethereum? What generally distinguishes them from Bitcoin?
  • What are decentralized applications (DApps)? What has been the usage and why haven’t anyDApps yet received wide consumer adoption?
  • 7 Technical Challenges
  • How critical are the technical and commercial challenges—scalability, efficiency, privacy, security, interoperability—of current blockchain technology?
  • What are the possible tradeoffs of decentralization, scalability and security? What are tradeoffs of consensus software updates, governance and so-called “hard forks”?
  • What might current work—Layer 2 applications, zero-knowledge proofs, alternative consensus algorithms—do to address current commercial challenges?
  • 8 Public Policy
  • How do key public policy frameworks—guarding against illicit activities, ensuring financial stability, and protecting investors—relate to blockchain technology and crypto finance?
  • Under tax, bank secrecy, securities and commodities laws, what is the relevance if crypto tokens are deemed property? Currencies? Something of value? An investment contract? A commodity? What is the essence of the U.S. Supreme Court ‘Howey Test’?
  • How might the ‘Duck Test’ guide thinking of blockchain technology and crypto finance?
  •  9 Permissioned Systems
  • What is permissioned or private distributed ledger technology? How does it differ from permissionless or open blockchain applications?
  • What are the key blockchain inspired features of Corda and Hyperledger Fabric? What is Digital Asset Holdings?
  • What are the business tradeoffs of utilizing a permissioned vs. a permissionless application? What are the tradeoffs for consumers?
  • 10 Financial System Challenges & Opportunities
  • What are the tradeoffs of centralized institutions and markets in the financial sector?
  • Which challenges of the financial sector—periodic crises, concentrated risks, economic rents, legacy systems, processing risks, financial inclusion—might present opportunities for blockchain applications?
  • How does blockchain technology fit within other trends—particularly with regard to technology—facing the financial sector in 2018?
  • 11 Blockchain Economics
  • How do decentralized blockchain applications affect the cost of verification and the cost of networking? How do blockchain applications affect market power?
  • What might the economics and organization of the Internet—with its protocol layers and applications—tell us about the future of blockchain technology?
  • What lessons should be drawn from crypto skeptics—Krugman, Stiglitz, Roubini, Gates,  Buffett, Dimon, & others about the economic potential for blockchain technology? What is an answer to the oft stated query:‘what problem do cryptocurrencies solve?’
  • 12 Assessing Use Cases
  • What potential benefits—in terms of reducing costs of trust—are there when adopting blockchain technology applications? How might potential use cases be assessed for the trade-offs of decentralized vs. centralized applications?
  • What are the potential strategic benefits from blockchain applications? What are the attributes of potential use cases and sectors that might best capture value from such applications? How important are the benefits of censorship resistance to this analysis?
  • How can you separate rigorous analysis from mere assertion and hype in the blockchain ecosystem?
  • 13  Payments, Part 1
  • What are the major trends—mobile apps, digital wallets, open banking, and enhanced methods of bank transfers & authentication—in payment systems today?
  • What lessons can be drawn from non-blockchain payment innovations, such as Alipay, WeChat Pay, M-Pesa, India’s IMPS, and U.S. mobile payment apps?
  • What are the challenges and opportunities in the current cross-border payment system architecture?
  • 14 Payments, Part 2
  • What lessons can be drawn from the challenges for blockchain related payment applications? Might Layer 2 solutions, such as Lightening, resolve these challenges?
  • What are the opportunities in cross-border payments? In domestic P2P or P2B payments?
  • What are tradeoffs of utilizing permissioned vs. permissionless payment applications?
  • 15 Central Banks & Commercial Banking, Part 1
  • What strategic considerations should go into Central Banks thinking of expanding access to digital reserves through central bank digital currency (CBDC)?
  • How might design considerations—retail vs wholesale access; token or account based; interest bearing and level of service—weigh in such decisions?
  • What are the challenges CBDCs might pose to commercial banking models, monetary policy implementation, payment systems resilience and financial stability?
  • 16 Central Banks & Commercial Banking, Part 2
  • What lessons, if any, can be drawn from related experimentation— Ecuador, Senegal, Philippines— to date?
  • Might stable value coins spur central banks into adopting CBDCs? What might Mastercard be considering with their patent for ‘blockchain currency’ fractional reserves?
  • What recommendations would you have for Sweden’s Riksbank (dating from 1668, the world’s first central bank) for possible adoption of e-krona?
  • 17  Secondary Markets & Crypto-Exchanges
  • How have crypto-exchanges become a critical gateway for the vast majority of crypto secondary market trading?
  • How does the business model of crypto-exchanges compare to traditional securities and derivatives exchanges? How do centralized crypto-exchanges compare to decentralized crypto-exchanges?
  • What do all of the hacks, reports of manipulation and failures tell us about the current state of security and investor protection of crypto-exchanges?
  • 18 A New Approach to Crypto-Exchange & Payments
  • What are the opportunities that the Intercontinental Exchange is trying to tap with its recent announcement of Bakkt? Is it more about payment solutions or exchange trading?
  • What do Microsoft and Starbucks hope to gain for their business models?
  • Who is Jeff Sprecher? How did this once power plant entrepreneur, successfully found a leading trading company that now owns the New York Stock Exchange and is challenging conventions with bitcoin and blockchain technology?
  • 19 Primary Markets, ICOs, & Venture Capital, Part 1
  • What ist he new crowdfunding mechanism of blockchain technology-initial coin offerings (ICOs)?
  • What attributes help distinguish successful ICOs? Why have so many ICOs failed? 
  • What has the wave of ICOs meant for the venture capital field?
  • 20  Primary Markets, ICOs, & Venture Capital, Part 2
  • How ICOs mix economic attributes of both consumption and investment. How ICO tokens’ design features—their risks, expectation of profits, manner of marketing, exchange trading, limited supply and capital formation—are similar to investments schemes?
  • Why is the ICO market rife with scams and fraud?
  • What is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s current approach to ICOs? What are the options for completing a compliant ICO?
  • 21 Post Trade Clearing, Settlement, & Processing
  • What are the opportunities of blockchain technology to lower costs and counterparty risks in the clearing, settlement and processing of financial transactions?
  • Why have the applications proposed to date almost exclusively been focused on permissioned or private distributed ledger technology?
  • What lessons might be drawn from the ongoing projects—ASX for equities, ISDA for swaps, others?
  • 22 Trade Finance & Supply Chain
  • What attributes of trade finance and supply chain management might make this a ripe set of use cases for blockchain applications?
  • What lessons might be drawn from the ongoing projects?
  • 23  Digital ID
  • What are the trade-offs of using blockchain technology for identity and access management (IAM)?
  • What is self-sovereign identity? How might blockchain self-sovereign or digital identity applications be applicable within the financial sector?
  • Will you ask for your MIT diploma digitally or on paper?
  • 24  Conclusion
  • What is blockchain technology? What is money?
  • How might blockchain technology fit within the world of money and finance?
  • How can you best assess a potential blockchain project as a catalyst for change, a break-out app or but another likely failed endeavor?
  • Course Meeting Times

    Lectures: 2 sessions / week, 1.5 hours / session 

    Prerequisites

    MIT students were required to obtain the permission of the instructor.

    Synopsis

    This course is for students wishing to explore blockchain technology’s potential use—by entrepreneurs & incumbents—to change the world of money and finance.

    Kicking off with a review of the technology’s initial application, the cryptocurrency Bitcoin, students will gain an understanding of the commercial, technical and public policy fundamentals of blockchain technology, distributed ledgers and smart contracts in both open sourced and private applications.

    The class will then turn to current and potential blockchain applications in the financial sector. This will include reviews of potential use cases for payment systems, central banking, venture  capital, secondary market trading, trade finance, commercial banking, post trade possessing and digital ID.

    Along the way, we will explore the markets and regulatory landscape for cryptocurrencies, initial coin offerings, other tokens and crypto derivatives.

    Requirements and Grading

    Assignment Percentage
    Two Individual Write-ups  30%
    Group Research Paper 40%
    Class Participation 30%

    For more information, see the Assignments section

    Readings and Study Questions

    General advice: Please read blockchain news websites, such as CoinDesk, CCN.com, and Coin Telegraph, every week. Other popular websites are listed here: “Best on the Block: The World’s Best Blockchain Websites.” Also, please read blockchain, as well as, financial sector-related articles as they appear in The Wall Street Journal, the Financial Times, and The New York Times. As the world of blockchain technology and crypto finance are rapidly changing, specific (short) articles might be added to the reading when relevant.

    Course Info

    Instructor
    As Taught In
    Fall 2018
    Level
    Learning Resource Types
    Lecture Videos
    Written Assignments